The wild turkey is a fascinating bird, with its raptor-like feet, coarse and dangling chest beard, and a tendency to challenge everything from lightning to car alarms with its thundering gobble. While all of these are worthy of attention (some of which has been given), perhaps none is more interesting than the ever-changing colour of the bird’s notoriously unsightly head.
As American families prepare for the annual Thanksgiving feast, many will head to the grocery store to pick up a turkey as the centerpiece of their holiday meal. However, some unlucky shoppers may unwrap their bird in the kitchen only to find its skin tinged with an unexpected blue or purple hue
This strange discoloration understandably gives many cooks pause. Is it safe to eat a blue turkey? What causes this unusual phenomenon? And most importantly, what can be done to avoid it? This comprehensive guide will explore the science behind blue turkeys, provide tips to prevent it, and give you peace of mind to prepare your perfect holiday turkey.
What Causes Turkeys to Turn Blue?
Before roasting up any suspect poultry, it’s crucial to understand what factors can give turkeys their blue or purple tint Here are the main culprits
1. Metmyoglobin Formation
Turkeys, like all poultry and red meat, contain a protein called myoglobin. This molecule stores oxygen in muscle tissues, giving turkey its natural pink color. When exposed to air, myoglobin oxidizes and turns into a compound called metmyoglobin, which has a dark bluish-brown appearance. This chemical reaction commonly occurs during the cooking process.
2. Bacterial Growth
Certain types of spoilage bacteria, like Pseudomonas, can produce colorful pigments as they multiply. These pigments essentially “dye” the turkey meat, causing multicolored blotches. Bacteria thrive in warm, moist environments. Improper storage temperature allows them to grow and discolor the turkey over time.
3. Natural Pigments
Some heritage and free-range turkeys can develop blue hues thanks to natural pigments called anthocyanins. These antioxidant compounds are also found in foods like blueberries and red cabbage. The higher levels give the birds’ skin an earthy, tan appearance with bluish undertones. This is perfectly normal for healthier, pasture-raised turkeys.
4. Bruising
Like us, turkeys can experience bruising and discoloration from minor injuries. Due to their thin skin, some bruises may appear purple or black. These are usually harmless, but use caution if the bruise looks like an open wound.
5. Chemical Reactions
Certain chemicals can induce color changes in turkey meat. For example, adding sulfites or acidic marinades to whole turkeys may react with proteins and make the skin look blue-ish. This is purely cosmetic, but best avoided.
Is Blue Turkey Safe to Eat?
The good news is that most causes of blue turkey pose no safety risk if the meat is properly handled and cooked. Discoloration from metmyoglobin, natural pigments, bruising, and chemical reactions does not mean the turkey has gone bad.
However, if the discoloration is accompanied by an off or foul odor, or the turkey feels unusually slimy, it is likely spoiled by bacteria and should be discarded. Always inspect the turkey thoroughly before cooking. If in doubt, play it safe and avoid consuming meat that looks or smells questionable.
As long as your blue turkey looks and smells normal, you can enjoy it after cooking to a safe minimum internal temperature of 165°F as checked with a meat thermometer. This heating will kill any potentially harmful bacteria that could be present. The cooked meat will also turn brown and look far more appetizing!
Tips to Avoid Blue Turkey
Follow these simple guidelines to minimize the risk of winding up with a Smurf bird on your holiday table:
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Choose fresh turkeys instead of frozen whenever possible. Fresh turkeys have less time for bacteria to multiply or oxidation reactions to occur.
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Check packaging for tears, leaks or foul odors before purchasing. Avoid any turkey that seems compromised.
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Store the turkey below 40°F immediately after buying. Prevent bacterial growth by keeping it chilled.
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Avoid adding sulfites, acidic marinades or spices directly to the raw bird. These can cause chemical discoloration reactions.
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Handle the raw turkey carefully to minimize bruising. Wear gloves if needed.
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Cook turkey thoroughly and use a meat thermometer to confirm safe temperature. Heat kills bacteria.
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Let roasted turkey rest 20 minutes before carving. This helps prevent oxidation reactions from air exposure.
What If My Turkey is Already Blue?
If your frozen turkey is showing blue patches, do not panic! Avoid thawing it until 1-2 days before cooking to prevent further color change. Cook the turkey fully and look for any foul odors. If it seems normal aside from the odd hue, it should be safe to eat.
As for live turkeys, blue heads are totally natural! Turkeys can flush blood into their heads as a mating display or when agitated. The red blood vessels and collagen layers under the skin create a brilliant blue color when viewed in the right light. Just another one of mother nature’s amazing tricks.
So go forth and prepare your holiday birds without fear. With proper handling and foolproof cooking, you can safely savor turkey in any shade this season. If in doubt, remember the golden rule – when meat looks questionable, throw it out to avoid regretting it later. Here’s to a happy and healthy Thanksgiving for all!
The Seven-Faced Bird: An Anecdote
The turkey’s ability to change the colour of its head has long been observed by all those who have encountered the bird at close range. In Japan and Korea, this defining feature is represented in the bird’s name, Shichimencho and Chilmyeonjo respectively, translated to English as “the Seven-faced Bird”. While seven faces may be a bit of a stretch, any hunter who has spent time with these birds will tell you that there are at least three: blue, white, and unfortunately red.
I experienced just how fast these birds can make these transitions first-hand a few years ago when hunting spring turkeys in Southern Ontario. The property I was hunting was a small plot of farmland that I have had permission to hunt for most of my hunting career. Since I am the only hunter on the property, save for a few close friends and family members, the turkeys see little hunting pressure and are often at least somewhat cooperative. During this particular season, however, I managed enough clumsy hunts early on to make the birds as wary as I had ever seen them. One of these clumsy hunts, however, resulted in some interesting observations.
I had spent much of the early season working the same big tom that I had run into on opening day, memorable for a lone white-striped tail-feather that sat in the middle of his dark brown fan. Though an impressive nickname for this bird would fit well in this part of the story, Jack White (AKA Elephant, AKA some other White Stripes related nickname) unfortunately remained nameless while I was hunting him.
Early in the second week of the season, after countless days of listening to him gobble in distant fields, the pale blue head of the familiar turkey emerged from the woods as he and his white-striped fan began strutting across the field, b-lined towards my decoys. After a few curious pauses from the bird and a few more clucks from my mouth call, the tom was finally approaching shooting distance, his head still in dull yet glorious shades of white and blue. As the bird reached 40 yards, I watched him pause, head raised and its colour starting to deepen in bold shades of red. Thinking nothing of it and wanting to see more of this bird before I pulled the trigger, I sent out a few more clucks to bring him within my preferred range of 30 yards. As soon as the sound left my lips, the tom’s now dark red head lowered and he began sprinting across the field, not to be seen until mid-May when I finally managed to take him.
What the Colours Mean
Turkeys are anything but easy to hunt, however, their flamboyant nature does provide some key insights into their moods that can help you make better decisions in the woods. As seen in my unfortunate anecdote, head colour is one of the best clues. As the turkey approached, his head was in pale shades of white and blue. These colours typically signal a relaxed bird and are a good indicator that you are well hidden and that the bird is unaware of your presence. These colours are also known to appear pale when the turkey is preparing to mate, an excellent sign if the bird is moving in towards one of your hen decoys. This makes a pale-coloured turkey a welcomed sign for hunters and can allow you to relax and slowly bring you gun to you shoulder.
While the pale coloured head can be reassuring, things can quickly change for the worse, as seen in my situation a few seasons ago. As the bird reached 40 yards and his head began to deepen in colour, I failed to recognize the signal that perhaps could have saved my hunt. Like the blushing of a maddened man, the head of a wild turkey will often flush with red when they feel angry or threatened. For the hunter, this means shutting down your calling or simply pulling the trigger, as the time to do so is surely running out.
Besides head colour, the body language of wild turkeys can also tell you a lot about how they are feeling. Here are a few to look out for when in the woods this season:
Putting:
Putting is a short and sharp call that is used by the turkeys when they are frightened or distressed. This can often sound very similar to the classic cluck sound that hunters try so hard to emanate, however, the sound will be noticeably shorter and sharper. If a bird makes this sound in your presence, you are likely found out and should get a shot as soon as possible. Hunters should also avoid using this call when in the field, adding yelps to the end of your clucks to make sure you are not sending off the warning signal yourself.
Wing Twitching:
Wing twitching is common amongst aggravated birds. If you are using a male decoy, this may not be any cause for alarm. If you are running a solo hen, however, get your work done as soon as possible as this bird is likely preparing to flee.
Head Up:
Since nearly everything in the woods is looking to eat them, turkeys are naturally wary and can often be seen with their head raised in the air as they scan the environment for any signs of danger. This is something that you are likely to come across on nearly every hunt, however, multiple birds raising their heads in sequence can often mean you have been found out.
Naughty Blue Slate Turkey Tom.
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