Tom vs Hen: Key Differences Between Male and Female Turkeys

For many people, the Thanksgiving turkey on the table is a nameless bird. But turkey farmers and breeders are keenly aware of the differences between toms (males) and hens (females). From size and plumage to behavior and meat quality the sexes vary in distinct ways.

As you shop for your holiday bird or ponder raising turkeys yourself, let’s explore how toms and hens compare

Size Matters: Toms Are the Heavyweights

The most noticeable difference is sheer size On average, tom turkeys outweigh hens by 20-25%

• Toms typically tip the scales at 16-24 pounds, with some mega-gobblers reaching over 30 pounds.

• Hens weigh in around 10-16 pounds.

Selectively breeding for bigger birds boosted toms’ bulk over decades. Wild toms average 16-20 pounds while hens are just 8-10 pounds.

For shoppers, this size difference affects how long your turkey needs to cook. The bigger the bird, the more oven time it requires.

Different Plummage Distinguishes the Sexes

Toms sport flashy, iridescent feathers in shades of bronze, copper, and metallic green. Their heads are brightly colored with red, white, and blue skin.

Hens have paler, duller plumage of brown, gray, or mottled white. Their heads are more subdued in solid blue or red hues.

This difference in feathering helps camouflage hens on nests while toms stand out to attract mates.

Head Ornaments are More Elaborate in Toms

Both sexes sport fleshy growths on their heads called caruncles and snoods. But toms take headgear to the next level.

• Toms have larger, more colorful caruncles on their necks and heads.

• Their snood – the flap over the beak – grows much longer and fuller.

• Toms also sport a “beard” of thick, black bristles dangling from their breast. About 10% of hens grow beards too.

These accessories help toms stand out from the flock.

Different Habits and Temperament

Toms are vocal birds, gobbling to announce their presence. Hens make quieter clucks and purrs.

Toms also strut and fuss to compete for mates, especially in spring. This assertive behavior is less common among hens.

In general, toms tend to be more aggressive and solitary while hens form close social groups.

Only Hens Lay Eggs and Nest

Since only females lay eggs, hens build nests and incubate clutches. Toms take no part in nesting duties.

Hens also display strong maternal instincts once poults hatch, while toms show little interest in offspring.

For turkey farmers and breeders, hens are the egg producers, so they focus on selecting the best laying hens.

Meat Quality Varies Between Sexes

Many folks insist that hens, being smaller and less muscular, have more tender, succulent meat. The verdict is still out on broad claims of superiority.

However, there are some slight differences:

• Toms yield more total meat due to their larger size.

• Hens provide a higher ratio of white to dark meat.

• Toms have a bit more fat, which enhances juiciness if not overdone.

In the end, proper technique matters more than gender for moist, flavorful holiday dinners.

How to Tell Male and Female Turkeys Apart

When selecting a turkey at the store, the label often specifies “hen” or “tom.”

If gender is unclear, look for these tom turkey traits:

• Substantially larger size

• Long, thick legs with spurs

• Bright, iridescent plumage

• Elaborate head decor like snoods and wattles

• Chubby “beer belly” area

Hens have more delicate legs, plain feathers, smaller heads, and slimmer bodies. To be sure, check for presence of eggs inside the cavity.

Shop by Preference, Not Gender

While some cooks insist on a tom and others demand a hen, neither sex has a clear culinary advantage.

Focus instead on:

• Size – Buy a 12-15 lb bird to feed 8-10 people.

• Quality – Choose organic, free-range, heritage breeds.

• Handling – Look for “basted” or self-basting for moisture.

With sound sourcing and cooking methods, a tasty holiday meal can come from either a tom or hen turkey.